
Key Findings

The National Reports 2025 offers in-depth insights into the situation of early career researchers. Six key findings are presented below.
The key findings pertain to public university funding, the proportion of women at various qualification and career stages, job market prospects for doctorate holders, the prevalence of fixed-term employment contracts and the establishment of tenure track professorships in Germany.
University funding is increasing
Core funding for public universities comes almost entirely from state budgets. This funding serves as an important foundation for the qualification and support of early career researchers. Between 2005 and 2022, these funds increased nominally from 19 billion euros to 35 billion euros.
Further details on research funding can be found in Chapter A2.
Despite leaky pipeline, proportion of women increasing
The more advanced the qualification and career level, the lower the proportion of women working in academia. However, since 2018, the share of women has grown at all levels, particularly in initial W2 appointments. Gender disparities now only persist in habilitations and initial W3 appointments, though the latter have seen a significant increase since 2018.
Additional data on (women’s representation in) various career stages can be found in Chapter B1.
Proportion of female researchers and their potential in 2018 und 2022, by career phase (in %)
2018 | 2022 | |
---|---|---|
Hochschulabsolventinnen und Hochschulabsolventen unter 35 Jahren | 47 | 49 |
Promovierende (2023) | 47 | 48 |
Promotionen | 45 | 46 |
Habilitationen | 32 | 37 |
Juniorprofessorinnen- und Juniorprofessoren-Erstberufungen | 43 | 49 |
W2-Erst- berufungen | 34 | 46 |
W3-Erst- berufungen | 27 | 36 |
Job market prospects remain strong
Fig. Employment Trends 1: The unemployment rate among doctorate holders remains consistently between 1 and 2% from the third to the seventh year after earning their doctorate. Therefore, it can be said that most doctorate holders are employed.
Fig. Employment Trends 2: On average, doctorate holders earn a higher income than those without a doctorate. Doctorate holders who completed their degree in 2013 earned, on average, nearly €20,000 more in gross annual income five years after graduation compared to non-doctorate university graduates.
Further information on the career trajectories of doctorate holders can be found in Chapter B4.
Graduates’ average gross annual income including allowances, five and ten years after graduating, by highest degree achieved (in euros)
Qualifikationsgrad | 2009 (+5J.) | 2009 (+10J.) | 2013 (+5J.) |
---|---|---|---|
ohne Promotion – Bachelor Abschluss | 44.650 | 55.750 | 50.500 |
(18.100) | (24.500) | (36.150) | |
ohne Promotion – Master oder äquivalent | 48.150 | 64.650 | 54.500 |
(19.100) | (29.100) | (27.600) | |
abgeschlossene Promotion | 56.250 | 74.700 | 71.500 |
(22.050) | (30.050) | (39.300) | |
Absolventinnen und Absolventen insgesamt | 49.200 | 66.500 | 55.050 |
(19.800) | (29.500) | (30.800) |
Employment status of doctorate holders (cohort 2014) as of June 30 each year (in %)
-2 | -1 | 2014 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vollzeitbeschäftigung | 42 | 47 | 61 | 77 | 80 | 81 | 80 | 78 | 76 | 74 |
Teilzeitbeschäftigung | 49 | 44 | 28 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 23 |
Geringfügige Beschäftigung | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Arbeitslosigkeit | 1 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Sonstige Meldung | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Majority of fixed-term contracts in academia
Fig. Sector Change 1: Less than 10% of new employment contracts in the academic sector are permanent. In contrast, over 70% of new contracts in the private sector are permanent, although there are gender disparities.
Fig. Sector Change 2: There are also notable differences between disciplines. For example, in the humanities and arts, only 47% of new employment contracts are permanent when transitioning from academia to the private sector, compared to 86% in engineering.
Further details on the importance of fixed-term contracts can be found in Chapter B5.
New, open-ended employment contracts awarded to doctorate holders (cohorts 2012 to 2016), zero to two years after obtaining a doctorate, as of June 30 each year, by sex and sector change (in %)
Hochschulen/AUFE – Hochschulen/AUFE | Hochschulen/AUFE – sonst. öffentl. Dienst | Hochschulen/AUFE – Privatwirtschaft | Arbeitslosigkeit – Hochschulen/AUFE | Arbeistlosigkeit – Privatwirtschaft | Privatwirtschaft – Privatwirtschaft |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insgesamt | 7,3 | 32 | 74 | 9,2 | 74 | 72 |
Männlich | 8,1 | 35 | 80 | 9,7 | 81 | 76 |
Weiblich | 6,0 | 27 | 63 | 8,7 | 63 | 66 |
New, open-ended employment contracts awarded to doctorate holders (cohorts 2012 to 2016), zero to two years after obtaining a doctorate, as of June 30 each year, by subject group and sector change (in %)
Hochschulen/AUFE – Hochschulen/AUFE | Hochschulen/AUFE – Privatwirtschaft | Arbeitslosigkeit – Hochschulen/AUFE | Arbeitslosigkeit – Privatwirtschaft | Privatwirtschaft – Privatwirtschaft |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geisteswissenschaften, Kunst | 4,4 | 47 | 6,1 | 42 | 56 |
Rechts-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften | 6,2 | 69 | 7,3 | 74 | 74 |
Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften | 4,6 | 74 | 6,4 | 73 | 73 |
Humanmedizin/Gesundheitswissenschaften | 10 | 67 | 9,3 | 63 | 66 |
Ingenieurwissenschaften | 12 | 86 | 21 | 88 | 81 |
Contract status impacts retention in academia
Contract status has a direct impact on the likelihood of doctorate holders leaving academia. Multivariate analyses reveal that individuals on fixed-term contracts are 30 percentage points more likely to leave academia compared to those on permanent contracts. However, turnover is also evident among those with permanent contracts.
Further details on the impact of fixed-term contracts and turnover can be found in Chapter B5.
Number of tenure track professors doubled between 2018 and 2022
In 2022, Germany had 1,336 tenure-track professorships. Compared to other qualification and career paths leading to professorships, tenure-track positions have grown significantly and seem to be partially replacing junior research group leader roles and non-tenure-track junior professorships.
Further details on the establishment of tenure-track professorships can be found in Section C.
Career paths to professorships at universities and equivalent institutions from 2018 to 2022, by type of career path (in %)
2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Professuren mit TT | 100 | 111 | 141 | 168 | 201 |
JP ohne TT | 100 | 92 | 86 | 82 | 76 |
NWGL | 100 | 88 | 75 | 68 | 73 |
Habilitationen | 100 | 99 | 100 | 106 | 100 |
laufende Habilitationen | 100 | 105 | 110 | 109 | 108 |